Eight years ago in Shelby County v. Holder, the Supreme Court gutted a core provision of the Voting Rights Act—the “preclearance” formula that determines which jurisdictions with a history of racial discrimination need the Department of Justice or federal district court in Washington to review and preclear changes in voting practices or procedures before those jurisdictions can implement them.

Although Chief Justice John Roberts wrote that “voting discrimination still exists; no one doubts that,” his decision struck down the formula Congress reauthorized in 2006. That reauthorization, signed into law by President George W. Bush, passed with overwhelming bipartisan support (98-0 in the Senate, and 390-33 in the House). 

Chief Justice Roberts wrote that the record Congress relied on to justify which jurisdictions were subject to preclearance was outdated and insufficient. Justice Ginsburg, joined by three other justices, dissented from the ruling, writing that in fact Congress amassed a “voluminous” and “extraordinary record,” and after considering that record, decided to reauthorize preclearance for an additional 25 years. As Justice Ginsburg wrote, “[t]hrowing out preclearance when it has worked and is continuing to work to stop discriminatory changes is like throwing away your umbrella in a rainstorm because you are not getting wet.” 

Nonetheless, Chief Justice Roberts and his five-justice majority put the responsibility on Congress to draft a new preclearance formula, writing that “Congress may draft another formula based on current conditions,” and that “while any racial discrimination in voting is too much, Congress must ensure that the legislation it passes to remedy that problem speaks to current conditions.”

Congress is hard at work drafting a new formula, and is building the record on current conditions to justify it.

Today, the Subcommittee on Elections of the Committee on House Administration released an important new report documenting the state of “Voting in America: Ensuring Free and Fair Access to the Ballot.” The report will support Congressional action on future legislation—the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act—to update the preclearance formula and repair the Voting Rights Act. The Subcommittee released the report 56 years to the day that President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law after sustained pressure from civil rights leaders and activists—including their 54-mile march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.

Chair G. K. Butterfield, himself a former civil rights lawyer and judge, convened a series of Congressional hearings earlier this year to examine voting rights and election administration and gather contemporaneous evidence on access to the ballot. You can review the testimony in full, and watch those hearings, here. Those hearings resulted in the new report released today. It is based on thousands of pages of testimony and evidence collected by the Committee on House Administration’s Subcommittee on Elections.

The 124-page report made six key findings, quoted below:

1. “Purging voters from voter rolls can disproportionately flag for removal, mark as inactive, or ultimately remove otherwise eligible minority voters from the rolls. Although voter list maintenance, when conducted correctly, is appropriate and necessary, misconceived, overzealous list maintenance efforts have erroneously sought to remove hundreds of thousands of properly registered voters and, in doing so, disproportionately burden minority voters. In the years following the Shelby decision, millions of voters have been removed from the voting rolls— and states once subject to the Voting Rights Act saw purges at a 40 percent higher rate than the rest of the country.”
2. “Voter identification and documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements disproportionately burden minority voters. Discriminatory strict voter ID laws were some of the first voting laws implemented in the wake of Shelby County—in 2013, at least six states implemented or began to enforce strict voter ID laws, some of which had been previously blocked by the Department of Justice under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. … The burden of these requirements disproportionately fall on Black, Latino, Asian American, and Native American voters, and newly naturalized citizens.”
3. “Access to multi-lingual voting materials and assistance is critical to ensuring equal access to the ballot—failure to do so can negatively impact millions of potential voters, a disproportionate number of whom are minority voters.”
4. “Polling place closures, consolidations, reductions, and long wait times at the polls all disproportionately burden minority voters and can be implemented in a discriminatory manner. Issues related to polling place locations, quality, accessibility, and the ensuing long wait times to vote are pervasive. Over the past decade, it has been well documented that racial minorities wait longer to vote on election day than white voters. Additionally, disparities in polling place accessibility and wait times are compounded by the disparate impact of other discriminatory practices such as voter ID laws, voter purges, and cuts to alternative opportunities to vote. A lack of available polling place locations necessitates traveling long distances to vote, which also disproportionately burdens minority voters, in particular Native American voters.”
5. “Restricting access to opportunities to vote outside of traditional Election Day voting has a disproportionate and disenfranchising impact on minority voters. Early voting, and especially weekend early voting, is a critical tool to ensuring access to the ballot and reducing wait times at the polls.”
6. “Changes to methods of election, jurisdictional boundaries, and redistricting impact whether voters can elect candidates that reflect their voices and communities. Discriminatory redistricting, vote dilution, changing of jurisdictional boundaries, and changes to methods of election have all been utilized throughout American elections — from local school board contests to Congressional races — to dilute growing voting power in minority communities.”

This report builds on the record that the House of Representatives amassed in the 116th Congress in 2019, just before the COVID crisis hit. Then-Elections Subcommittee Chairperson Marcia Fudge held a series of field hearings on voting rights and election administration throughout the country in Alabama; Arizona; Florida; Georgia; North Carolina; the Dakotas (at Standing Rock); Ohio; Texas; and Washington, D.C. Her report was made part of the Congressional record when the House of Representatives passed the John Lewis Voting Rights Act (H.R. 4) in December 2019.

The Judiciary Committees in the House and Senate have also been convening hearings and are anticipated to consider the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act upon its introduction. This bill, along with the For the People Act, are essential to strengthening democracy so that it works for all the people.